The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? c. intellectualization. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? 113. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . b. social factors leading to stress. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. 148. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). As you might expect, the behavior will begin to weaken and eventually stop when this occurs. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. d. cognitive-behavioral. This might even affect how you interact with them. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. None of the models are complete within themselves. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? 70. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. d. existential, 125. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. 43. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. b. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. c. superego. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. 54. 84. b. rationalization. PDF CHAPTER 71 Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? c. client-centered Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. These medications fall under five major categories. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. 27. 2.3.3.2. Hmm. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. b. Participants have similar issues. c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. c. Beck. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. 144. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. Shonda responds by changing the subject. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. 59. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. 16. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. The nervous system. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. d. client-centered therapy. 2.2.1.3. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. 2.3.3.1. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. 111. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. 2.3.4.3. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. 74. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. c. psychodynamic. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. I'm here for you." 112. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. b. modeling. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. 77. 89. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. b. Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. a. psychoanalysis. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. b. resistance. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. The Biological Model of Abnormality Chapter Exam - Study.com Conditioning. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. PDF Psychological Disorders Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. c. axons. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. d. humanistic. d. Freud. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. c. transference. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. 49. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. a. psychodynamic It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. c. superego. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. c. denial. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. 146. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. a. gestalt 121. 2.2.2. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders. b. map, or sequence, genes. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. b. d. psychodynamic. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. 41. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. b. behavioral-focused A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist.